 Recently, Giovanni Iamartino and Richard Smith - co-convenors and joint founders with Friederike Klippel and Nicola McLelland of the AILA Research Network on History of Language Learning and Teaching (HoLLT.net) – were interviewed about HoLLT.net for the International Journal of Applied Linguistics. Their interview (with Grégory Miras) is free to read with links here: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ijal.70307 and is reproduced without them below:   
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 AILA (International Association of Applied Linguistics) Research Network on
History of Language Learning and Teaching To: Vice Chancellor Professor Jane Norman and other members of the University of Nottingham Council 1 December 2025 Dear Professor Norman and other Council members We have signed this letter as leaders and members of the International Association of Applied Linguistics (AILA) Research Network on History of Language Learning and Teaching (http://hollt.net) to express our deep concern regarding the suspension and proposed closure of undergraduate Modern Languages degree programmes at the University of Nottingham. Aside from the likely negative impact of this move on local, regional and national modern language studies, we would like to highlight the national and international importance of the research being carried in the Nottingham Department of Modern Languages and Cultures – research which now appears to be under threat. Of particular relevance and concern to us is the possible fate of the world-leading research being carried out at Nottingham in the fields of History of Language Learning and Teaching and History of Linguistics. It is no exaggeration to say that without this research our network, which now numbers 381 members worldwide, would not have come into existence. In 2012–14 an Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) research network project led by Nicola McLelland, Professor of German and History of Linguistics, with Richard Smith, Professor of ELT and Applied Linguistics at the University of Warwick, supported organisation at Nottingham and Warwick of workshops which stimulated interest in the history of Modern Foreign Language Teaching in Britain and brought together hitherto disparate European researchers, Out of these workshops and an international conference organised at Nottingham in 2014, several important publications emerged, most notably the 3-volume publication The History of Language Learning and Teaching, edited by McLelland and Smith (2018, Legenda). These publications signalled the emergence of a newly recognisable interdisciplinary, plurilingual and intercultural field of research, the History of Language Learning and Teaching. It was at the 2014 Nottingham conference that plans were first made to form the scholarly association which is HoLLT.net, and, following the conference, this was officially established as a Research Network of the International Association of Applied Linguistics in 2015. Celebrating its tenth anniversary this year, HoLLTnet – with these roots in Nottingham modern languages research – has since stimulated a large number of scholarly publications (please see https://www.hollt.net/publications.html). Nottingham research has also had direct impact on professional practice in the UK and beyond: Nicola McLelland’s extensive research in the history of language teaching led to a further AHRC-funded collaboration, this time with Dr Simon Coffey (PGCE Director at King’s College London), that resulted in a set of teacher education materials now used extensively on teacher training programmes across the country. The virtual materials Language Teaching: Learning from the Past - The University of Nottingham are currently housed on the University of Nottingham’s website. Nicola McLelland and colleagues in the Department of Modern Languages and Cultures including Dr Liv Walsh are also leaders in the field of History of Linguistics. Both are committee members of the Henry Sweet Society for the History of Linguistic Ideas (https://www.henrysweet.org/) – indeed, the Society was led for many years by Professor McLelland. The University of Nottingham has had a strong international reputation in this field as a result of the involvement of Modern Languages researchers like McLelland and Walsh, one signal of which is the fact the annual colloquium of the Society is again due to be hald at Nottingham in September 2026. Along with HoLLTnet, the Henry Sweet Society collaborates with several European scholarly associations in the organisation of the International Conference on History of Language Learning and Teaching (ICHoLLT) every three years. The university’s current lack of support for Modern Languages at Nottingham is being viewed with great concern internationally by researchers such as ourselves who have benefitted greatly from Nottingham leadership in the fields of HoLLT and History of LInguistics over the years. The University of Nottingham presents itself as a global University, with a vision to be a “university without borders”. Without modern languages degrees, the University instead seems to show a narrow vision and is facing a future of inability to embrace other languages and cultures. We urge you to scrutinise carefully the negative impact this planned closure would have not only on the university, the city, region, and nation, but on world-leading research and the university’s international reputation, and to engage in meaningful discussion with all parties about viable alternatives. We look forward to your response. Yours sincerely, Professor Giovanni Iamartino, University of Milan, Italy Professor Karène Summerer-Sanchez, University of Groningen, Netherlands Professor Sabine Doff, University of Bremen, Germany Dr Tim Giesler, University of Bremen, Germany Professor Rachel Mairs, University of Reading Dr Simon Coffey, King’s College London Professor Richard Smith, University of Warwick Professor Marc Debono, University of Tours, France Professor Emeritus Michael Byram, University of Durham Dr Gigliola Sulis, University of Leeds Dr Emanuela Tenca, Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences in Rome, Italy Professor Alessandra Vicentini, University of Insubria, Italy Prof. em. Pierre Swiggers, University of Leuven (KU Leuven) & Université de Liège (ULiège), Belgium Dr Christine Collière-Whiteside, Université Bourgogne-Europe, France Professor Rita Queiroz de Barros, University of Lisbon, Portugal Professor Raf Van Rooy, KU Leuven, Belgium Antonio Giménez-Reíllo, University of Murcia, Spain Professor Despina Provata, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece Professor Daniela La Penna, University of Reading Nick White, Teaching Fellow, University of Portsmouth Sarah Connolly, University of Strathclyde & West Dunbartonshire Council, Scotland Dr Vilma De Gasperin, University of Oxford Professor Renato Oniga, University of Udine, Italy Dr Jason Anderson, University of Warwick Professor Emerita Friederike Klippel, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany Lucilla Lopriore, Roma Tre University, Italy (retired professor) Ilias Vierendeels, Université de Namur, Belgium Professor Martin Durrell, University of Manchester Dr Raquel Criado, University of Murcia, Spain Professor Carol Percy, University of Toronto, Canada Professor Horst Simon, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany Professor Mario Luis López-Barrios, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina Professor Ulrike Krampl, Université de Tours, France Luciana Pedrazzini, Associate Professor, University of Milan, Italy Professor Stefan Michael Newerkla, University of Vienna, Austria Professor Meng Huat Chau, Zhejiang International Studies University, China Francesco Michael Scaringella, University of Milan, Italy Dr Maria Rosa Garrido Sardà, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain Professor Rory G. Critten, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland Professor Eva Codó, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain Rachel Allan, Associate Professor, Mid-Sweden University, Sweden Professor Ariane Ruyffelaert, University of Granada, Spain Dr Wei Chen, University of Malta, Malta Brindusa Grigoriu, Associate Professor, University Alexandru Ioan Cuza of Iasi, Romania Professor Gonçalo Fernandes, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Center for Studies in Letters, Portugal Honorary Professor Stefania Nuccorini, Roma Tre University, Italy Maria do Céu Fonseca, University of Évora, Center for Studies in Letters, Portugal Irmina Kotlarska, University of Zielona Góra, Poland Dr Alena Andrlová Fidlerová, Charles University, Prague, Czechia Dr R. Vennela, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Telangana, India Professor Emerita Karen Risager, Roskilde University, Denmark Kate Gregson, NILE-University of Chichester Prof. Dr. Dr. Helmut Glück, Universität Bamberg, Deutschland Carla Ferreira de Castro, Assistant Professor, University of Évora, Portugal. Liv Büchler, Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Germany Dr Gillian Peiser, Liverpool John Moores University Elizaveta Zimont, Assistant Professor, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France Paola Spazzali, Associate professor, University of Milan, Italy Dr. phil. Doutor Rolf Kemmler, Agregado, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Director of the Center for Studies in Letters, Vila Real, Portugal Dr. Marta Banducci Rahe, Associate Professor, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Professor Alicia Rodriguez-Alvarez, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain Dr Andrea Nava, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy Dr Ana Clara Birrento, Centre for the Studies of Letters, University of Évora, Portugal Dr Michael Ashby, Hon. Associate Professor, University College London Monica Lupetti, Associate professor, University of Pisa, Italy Dr Rafael Nevado Gómez, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain Dr María Dolores Riveiro Lema, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain Dr Eloi Bellés Boeta, University of the Balearic Islands, Spain Professor María Martínez-Atienza, University of Córdoba, Spain  AILA Research Network for History of Language Learning and Teaching (HoLLT.net) - November 2021 update
Convenors: Prof. Giovanni Iamartino, University of Milan, [email protected] Prof. Richard Smith, University of Warwick, [email protected] Committee members: Prof. Sabine Doff (University of Bremen), Dr. Tim Giesler (University of Bremen), Prof. Rachel Mairs (University of Reading), Dr. Karène Summerer-Sanchez (University of Leiden), Recap of our symposium at the 2021 World Congress of AILA Our symposium on 20 August focused on the often neglected role of women in the history of language teaching as learners, teachers, methodologists, and so on. The symposium included the following papers:
Additional recent events and publications
Ongoing research and opportunities for collaboration · HoLLT.net will continue to bring together and network researchers worldwide in a continuously consolidating field. A major focus in the coming years will be to further develop collective publication opportunities, for example in the form of edited thematic volumes. · There will be a HoLLT.net supported conference on Colonial contact and the history of learning and teaching non-European language in Leiden, 8–10 June 2022. CfP forthcoming. · There will be a HoLLT.net strand of papers (for any topic in the history of language learning and teaching) at the forthcoming Henry Sweet Society for the History of Linguistic Ideas conference in Leuven, 20–22 September 2022. CfP forthcoming. Renewal as a Research Network of AILA We have submitted an application for renewal for a further period of three years, following on from our seven years in existence to date. Following a meeting open to all present at our 17 September event, the committee came up with the following list of aspirations for the coming three-year period (2022–2025): · construct a freely accessible online bibliography of pertinent publications; · build up our electronic distribution list - improve opportunities for networking via development of a wiki containing affiliations, email addresses and main historical interests · hold an annual meeting · edit and publish papers from the ReN symposium at the AILA 2021 Congress and from other events - start a webinar series to showcase recent historical research - develop a constitution If anybody would like to help us with any of these activities, or to suggest other activities, please contact the convenors. Please continue, also, to advertise HoLLT-related events and publications and to raise topics for discussion in our email discussion list, at any time: [email protected]. Contact information Website: https://www.hollt.net. The convenors can be contacted via the email addresses above.  Language Teaching: Learning from the Past training materials – guest blog by Nicola McLelland & Simon CoffeyWe are delighted to announce the launch of new teacher training materials under the theme of Language Teaching: Learning from The Past whose publication has been supported by HoLLTnet and other partners. We hope you will find them useful both in initial teacher training and in Continuous Professional Development. The five packages use examples from the history of language learning and teaching to help language teachers reflect on their language teaching today. As you can see from the list below, the materials tackle five themes that are already core to teacher training (particularly in the UK). Each unit takes a key theme, with a short introductory video (8-12 minutes), a handbook of activities which you can pick and mix from, and a facilitator’s handbook with extra guidance. They are very flexible: you could select one activity, e.g. for a warm-up activity, or use a full package for up to a half-day session. Each handbook also includes a short historical overview and some reading suggestions. You definitely don’t need to be an expert in history to use these materials! Our facilitator’s handbook gives you all the information you need to lead a session confidently. We warmly welcome your feedback through this link (which you can also find bottom right on the project page), about what works, what could be improved, but also ideas for further topics, etc. Please do also spread the word about the materials! Our five themes are:
The project is an AHRC-funded collaboration between the University of Nottingham and King’s College London, and we owe its successful completion to our excellent Postdoctoral Fellow on the project, Dr Lina Fisher. Nicola McLelland (University of Nottingham) and Simon Coffey (King's College London)  with AILA Research Network for History of Language Learning and Teaching (HoLLT.net) news
Here is an update about forthcoming HoLLT.net activities for network members and others interested . Please send the link to this post to others you think might be interested in joining HoLLT.net (anyone with a research interest in the history of language learning and teaching can do so for free, via our website: https://www.hollt.net/join). HoLLT.net symposium on Women in the History of Language Learning and Teaching, 20 August 2021 Our symposium will focus on the often neglected role of women in the history of language teaching as learners, teachers, methodologists, and so on. The symposium will include the following papers
There will also be a short business meeting for Research Network members. All members, whether attending the AILA Congress or not, are invited to send ideas, comments and matters for possible discussion to either Giovanni Iamartino or Richard Smith (HoLLTnet co-convenors) in advance of the meeting (email addresses below). Other forthcoming HoLLT-net-supported events * Histoire des idées didactologiques en didactique des langues: 1945-2015 / History of Language Teaching Research and Theorization: 1945-2015. Joint conference of APHELLE, CIRSIL, SEHL and SIHFLES, supported by HoLLT.net. Tours (France), 9-11 juin / 9-11 June 2021. Further information and registration * HoLLT.net-supported book launch for The History of Grammar in Foreign Language Teaching (ed. Simon Coffey), hosted by Amsterdam University Press, 2 July 2021. Further information ·* HoLLT.net Online Colloquium on Women in the History of Language Learning and Teaching - beyond AILA, Friday 17 September 2021. Call for papers (open until 1 July 2021). There will be another short business meeting of the Research Network during this free-to-access event. Members' publications Please continue to send details of your recent publications in the field of HoLLT to the mailing list via [email protected]. Details of publications to date are here: https://www.hollt.net/publications.html HoLLT.net will continue to bring together and network researchers worldwide in a continuously consolidating field. A major focus in the coming years will be to further develop collective publication opportunities, for example in the form of edited thematic volumes. A long-term goal is the establishment of a journal for the history of (foreign) language learning and teaching. Ongoing research and opportunities for collaboration Members of the HoLLT network are engaging in various projects, including an overall initiative to explore the role of women in the history of language learning and teaching and an incipient international project to investigate the history of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages through oral history accounts. Those interested in becoming involved or in publicizing further projects, opportunities or events should contact either one of the convenors in the first instance. Researchers willing to use social media may be interested in joining our Facebook group (https://www.facebook.com/groups/hollt/), while all are invited to join our email list, via https://www.hollt.net/join.html Committee members The HoLLTnet committee currently comprises the two co-convenors Giovanni Iamartino (Milan) and Richard Smith (Warwick), together with Sabine Doff (Bremen), Tim Giesler (Bremen), Rachel Mairs (Reading) and Karène Summerer-Sanchez (Leiden) Contact information Website: https://www.hollt.net. The convenors can be contacted via the email addresses below: Giovanni Iamartino (Milan): [email protected] Richard Smith (Warwick): r.[email protected]  AILA Research Network for History of Language Learning and Teaching (HoLLT.net) News Recent events The Direct Method in Language Teaching. Joint conference of APHELLE, CIRSIL, Henry Sweet Society and SIHFLES, supported by HoLLTnet. University of Granada (Spain), 16–17 May 2019. Programme and abstracts available here: https://www.hollt.net/events.html Institutions and Second Languages in Italy: A Historiographical Approach (Lingue seconde e istituzioni in Italia: approccio storiografico): CIRSIL conference, supported by HoLLTnet, Varese, Italy, 22-23 March 2019. Website: https://www.uninsubria.eu/events/cirsil-conference Preparations for the AILA World Congress 2020 In preparation for our symposium at the AILA World Congress in Groningen, HoLLTnet members are investigating the often neglected role of women in language teaching as learners, teachers, methodologists, and so on. Ongoing research and opportunities for collaboration With a view to the November 2019 conference in Bremen, we are facilitating a closer look at the interplay between (institutional) contexts and language teaching; integrating perspectives from curriculum studies with analysis of repercussions of curriculum on language teaching (methodology). Those interested in any of the above projects, opportunities or conferences should contact either one of the convenors in the first instance. Junior researchers may be interested in joining our Facebook group (https://www.facebook.com/groups/hollt/), while more established scholars and junior researchers alike are invited to join our email list, via https://www.hollt.net/join.html Upcoming events
Contact information Website: https://www.hollt.net The convenors can be contacted here: Giovanni Iamartino, University of Milan, [email protected] Richard Smith, University of Warwick, [email protected]  Here is an update about recent HoLLT.net activities for network members and others interested . Please send the link to this post to others you think might be interested in joining HoLLT.net via our website: https://www.hollt.net/. New logo Many thanks to Marco Pizzo for designing our new logo (above). Three research questions currently being pursued in the HoLLT.net community: 1) What does historical research tell us about innovation in the field of language learning and teaching? (This was the topic of our AILA 2017 symposium – abstracts available via https://www.hollt.net/events; papers will begin to be prepared for publication in book form soon.) 2) What bilingual and multilingual phenomena have been evident in the history of language learning and teaching? (This was the topic of our 2018 international meeting at the University of Reading – abstracts available via https://www.hollt.net/events; papers are currently being prepared for publication as a special issue of the journal Language & History.) 3) How do grounded histories / histories of practice counteract received notions about language learning and teaching? (This will be the topic of our 14–15 November 2019 meeting at the University of Bremen. The call for papers has just been announced. Publication Autumn 2018 saw the long-awaited publication of a set of three volumes with the overall title The History of Language Learning and Teaching (Vol. I: 16th-18th Century Europe; Vol. II: 19th-20th Century Europe; Vol. III: Across Cultures). Edited by Nicola McLelland and Richard Smith and published by Legenda (Oxford) for the Modern Humanities Research Association, these volumes bring together current research in Europe and beyond and provide the first overview of research in the developing field of HoLLT. Volume I presents the history of how languages were learnt and taught across Europe, from Russia and Scandinavia to the Iberian peninsula, up to about 1800. Case studies deal with the teaching and learning of French, Italian, German and Portuguese, as well as Latin, still the first 'foreign language' for many learners in Europe in this period. Volume II presents case studies from the period when modern languages became established in school curricula and modern language teaching became professionalized in Europe. The chapters consider 19th-century innovations , including the Reform Movement and its precursors, as well as developments in policy and practice in the 20th century. Part I of Volume III (‘The Place of Culture in Language Teaching’) examines the history of how 'other cultures' have been presented to learners in language classrooms and language materials. Part II (‘Beyond Europe’) presents studies of the history of language learning and teaching beyond Europe, including the Middle East, China, Japan, India and New Zealand. Further information about these volumes and other book publications by members of HoLLT.net is available via https://www.hollt.net/publications. New collaborations that would not have been possible without this ReN The network is bringing together scholars from different language traditions and different periods of specialisation, as well as with interests in different geographical locations and with different disciplinary backgrounds, within a new plurilingual, multicultural, interdisciplinary space. Interactions between European and Brazilian scholars were particularly noticeable at the 2017 AILA Congress in Rio de Janeiro, while HoLLT.net’s July 2018 event in Reading, UK, was remarkable for the extended time range covered by papers, from Ancient Egypt to late-twentieth-century Britain. At both events, neglected colonial histories of language teaching have begun to form an important part of overall HoLLT.net concerns. Upcoming events (further details, including calls for papers: https://www.hollt.net/events) The Direct Method in Language Teaching. Joint conference of APHELLE, CIRSIL, Henry Sweet Society and SIHFLES, supported by HoLLT.net. Granada (Spain), 16–17 May 2019. 'Valorizing practice: Grounded histories of language learning and teaching'. HoLLTnet international meeting, University of Bremen, Germany, 14–15 November 2019. Our symposium at the AILA Congress, Groningen, Netherlands, 9–14 August 2020, will probably have the theme 'Women in the History of Language Learning and Teaching'' The call for papers will be issued in 2019. Convenors: Dr Richard Smith, University of Warwick, UK ([email protected]) & Professor Giovanni Iamartino, University of Milan, Italy ([email protected])  Here's a report on how things stand with HoLLTnet near the beginning of its 4th year (4th February 2018):
The AILA Research Network (ReN) on History of Language Learning and Teaching ('HoLLTnet' for short) was originally approved as a research network of AILA in January 2015. HoLLTnet is dedicated to promoting and disseminating historical research into the following domains:
Our 2015–17 activities culminated in the organisation of a one-day symposium at the 17th AILA Congress in Rio de Janeiro in August 2017. Our symposium, on 'Innovation in historical perspective', featured 14 papers in all, the most of any ReN symposium, and included consideration of the history of language learning, teaching and assessment in Brazil, China, France, Germany, Italy, the USA and global contexts. We will soon be putting in a proposal for publication of these papers. Details of this and our other events are elsewhere on the HoLLTnet website. We have sought and gained approval for renewal of the Research Network for a further term of three years (2018–2020) and are now looking forward to our next event – a two-day international meeting on 'Bi/Multilingualism and the History of Language Learning and Teaching', 6–7 July 2018, at the University of Reading, UK. Please join us for this meeting if you can. The Call for Papers deadline is 23 February 2018. In the meantime, you might be interested in participating in a HoLLTnet-supported event in Siena, Italy, on 12-13 April 2018 (Call for Papers deadline: 15 February 2018): Maestri di lingue tra metà Cinquecento e metà Seicento (there will be a strand for papers on other periods). In 2018 we also look forward to the publication of a set of three volumes by Legenda (Oxford) which has been edited by Nicola McLelland and Richard Smith, on The History of Language Learning and Teaching. These volumes feature papers first presented by many HoLLTnet members at the conference in 2014 in Nottingham where the idea of HoLLTnet was first mooted. Papers from a previous meeting, at the University of Warwick, on 'Histories of language learning and teaching in Europe', have just been published in Open Access form. Our ‘global’ network within AILA continues to be encouraged and supported by representatives of existing country- or language-based associations in this field, including:
Those interested can join our email discussion list (300+ members) and Facebook group for early career researchers (200+ members) via http://www.hollt.net/join. Our principal aims for the period 2018–2020 (as stated in our recently approved application for renewal to AILA) are to:
During 2018–20, we intend to pursue these aims by means of some or all of the following activities:
If you are willing to help, in particular with website development, development of a bibliography or other activities, online or otherwise, please get in touch, and please do contact us at any time if you have comments or further suggestions. Finally, we would like to pay tribute to the contributions of founder co-convenors Nicola McLelland and Friederike Klippel in helping to establish HoLLTnet during its first three years. Thank you, Nicola and Friederike! Richard Smith and Giovanni Iamartino (HoLLTnet co-convenors, 2018–2020)  The HoLLTnet Symposium at the AILA Congress in Rio de Janeiro was successfully held on July 25. As planned, after a brief introduction by the two of us as HoLLT.net co-convenors and a few welcoming words from Francisco Gomes de Matos, the well-known Brazilian applied linguist (you can read the poem he penned for the occasion at the foot of this blog post), the different speakers regularly followed one another: 13 papers were read (only one had unfortunately to be cancelled). The audience – varying between 25 and 40 people during the different sessions – appreciated the variety of topics and methodological approaches, as evidenced by the lively discussions following the presentations. Our impression was that, despite the various languages and periods involved, all the speakers shared the idea that viewing foreign language learning and teaching through a historical lens could and did provide both interesting data per se and suggestions for present-day methodology and critical thinking on foreign language learning and teaching. A key moment in the day was the mid-afternoon Research Network business meeting. Everybody agreed on the idea of extending our network for another three years, which means that a new application to AILA will have to be submitted by October, and that hopefully we will all meet in the Netherlands (Groningen) in August 2020. It would be great, however, if we also met before that: we discussed the possibility of planning one or two workshops in 2018 and/or 2019, in order to strengthen our ties and possibly widen our group. This is also related to a proposal emailed to us, just a few days before the Rio congress, by Rachel Mairs, who would be ready to host us in Reading for a HoLLT workshop. Also, Mariarosaria Gianninoto said she might consider organizing a workshop in Grenoble. Further proposals, and suggestions for topics welcome! Our group also commented on other emails we had received before the congress. It would be a good idea to have a blog as an addition to our HoLLT website (we have taken this to heart, and this post inaugurates the new HoLLT.net blog!. If anybody would like to write a guest post at any time, please contact us!), and also an online bibliography: can one of us – or perhaps one of our PhD students – volunteer to set the ball rolling? Though desirable, it is likely to be difficult to seek public or private funding for our activities: thanks to Richard and, particularly, Barry O'Sullivan, our Symposium was part-sponsored by British Council Assessment Research & Development, and we are very grateful for that. But what about the future? Finally, the possibility of making HoLLT.net into a more official, transnational organization, i.e. a formally constituted learned society, was considered but the group's general attitude to this was that, for now, we should concentrate on building the network as a relatively informal 'umbrella association' in its current form. Giovanni Iamartino (Milan) and Richard Smith (Warwick)  |
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